Descriptive Text

Descriptive text is a kind of text to describe a particular person, place or thing.

The generic structure of Descriptive text :

- Identification :

Identifies phenomenon to be described.

- Description :

Describes part qualities and characteristic.

Linguistic features :

1. Specific participants.
2. Linking verbs.
3. Simple present.
4. Adjective.

Noun phrases

Direct and Indirect speech

Direct Speech : refers to reproducing another persons excact word. We use quotation marks("")

Example of Direct Speech :

1. Jani said, “I’m very busy .”

2. They said, “We have bought a picture.”

3. He said, “I am learning my lesson.”

4. Lisa says, “I got the first prize.”

5. You said, “I will come to help him.”

6. Oskar will say, “I will do my best.”

Indirect speech : refers to reproducing the idea of another persons
word. There are 3 kinds of indirect speech :

1. Imperrative (command/request)

2. interrogative (question)

3. Declarative (statement)

Example :
1. Imperrative (command / request)
Direct : Mrs. Rika said to Dina, "Don't wory about it."
Indirect : Mrs. Rika told Dina not to wory about it.

2. Interrogative (question)
Direct : Risa asked to Nico, "Are you a journalist?"
Indirect : Risa asked if / whether He was journalist.

3. Declarative (statement)
Direct : Mr. Dion said, "I worked hard yesterday."
Indirect : Mr. Dion said that he worked hard the day before.

In comand sentences, direct speech can changed to indirect speech with change "Said" to be "Ordered", "Told", and "Forbade".

Example :
1. Direct : Hamid said, "Open the door!"
Indirect : Hamid ordered to open the door.

2. Direct : Hamid said, "Dul, come here!"
Indirect : Hamid told Dul to come there.

3. Direct : Hamid said to Andi, "Do not disturb me!"
Indirect : Hamid forbade Andi to disturb him.

Time change

Expressions of time if reported on a different day
This (evening)	›	That (evening)
Today	›	Yesterday
These (days)	›	Those (days)
Now	›	Then
(a week) ago	›	(a week) before
Last weekend	›	The weekend before last / the previous weekend
Here	›	There
Next (week)	›	The following (week)
Tomorrow	›	The next/following day

Tense change

Direct speech		Indirect speech
Present simple She said, "It's cold."	›	Past simple She said it was cold.
Present continuous She said, "I'm teaching English online."	›	Past continuous She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."	›	Past perfect simple She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."	›	Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple She said, "I taught online yesterday."	›	Past perfect She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous She said, "I was teaching earlier."	›	Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."	›	Past perfect She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."	›	Past perfect continuous She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.

Finite Verb

Finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs.
Finite verb can form “Independent clause” which can stand by their own as complete sentences. An independent clause as a complete sentence. It contains the main subject and verb of a sentences.
In English, only verbs in certain mood are finite. These include :
1. Indicative mood : expressing a state of affairs.
In indicative mood, finite verbs must use verbs.
Example :
- Ani is going to visit her mother in hospital.
- He has waited his father since morning.
- The bulldozer demolished the restaurant.

2. Imperative mood : giving a command.
Dalam imperative mood, finite verbs tidak memerlukan subjek karena tanpa memakai subjek pun kalimatnya sudah jelas.
Example :
- Positive command : “Help me, please!”
- Negative verb : “Don’t do that!”

Narrative text

Narrative text is a kind of text to retell the story that past tense. The purpose of the text is to entertain or to amuse the readers or listeners about the story.

The generic structure of Narrative text :
1. Orientation :
It set the scene and introduce the participants (it answers the question : who, when, what, and
where).

2. Complication :
Tells the problems of the story and how the main characters solve them.

3. Resolution :
The crisis is revolved, for better or worse.

4. Re-orientation :
The ending of the story.

5. Evaluation :
The stepping back to evaluate the story or the moral message of the story
Linguistic features :

1. Use active verbs.
2. Use past tense.
3. Use conjunction.
4. The first person (I or We) or the third person (He, She, or They).
5. Use specific nouns.
6. Use adjective and adverbs

Kind of Narrative text :
1. Legend : Sangkuriang, Malin Kundang, etc.
2. Fable : Mousedeer and crocodile.
3. Fairy tale : Cinderella, Snow white, Pinocchio, etc.
4. Science fiction

Simple Present Tense

• Nominal :
(+ ) S + to be + Complement (noun, adjective, and adverb).
( - ) S + to be + not + Complement.
( ? )to be + S + Complement + ?
Example :
(+ ) Reza is always happy.
( - ) Reza is not always happy.
( ? )Is Reza always happy?
• Verbal :
(+ ) S + Verb 1(s/es) + O.
( - ) S + do/does + not + Verb 1 + O.
( ? )do/does + S + Verb 1 + O + ?
Example :
(+ ) I usually get up at six o’clock in the morning.
( - ) I do not usually get up at six o’clock in the morning.
( ? )Do I usually get up at six o’clock in the morning?

Simple present tense used to show :
• Daily routines or habitual action :
Example :
(+ ) Hamirat always swims in the afternoon.
( - ) Hamirat does not always swim in the afternoon.
( ? )Does Hamirat always swim in the afternoon?
• An action that happen in the present time if followed with stative verbs. Example of stative verbs are : know, understand, have, believe, hate, need, hear, love, appear, see, like, seem, smell, want, taste, wish, sound own and etc.
Example :
(+ ) They understand the problem now.
( - ) They don’t understand the problem now.
( ? )Do They understand the problem now?
Note :
1. In positive sentences or affirmative, add s/es to the main verbs of the sentences whose subject is the third person singular (he, she, it ). And if the sentences whose subject I, you, we, and they, so the verbs still in the main verbs.
2. In negative sentences, after subject he, she, and it used “does not”, and after subject I, you, we, and they used “do not”.
3. In interrogative sentences, in front subject he, she, and it used “does”, and in front subject I, you, we and they used “do”.

News item

A news item text is a factual text which informs reader of daily newspaper about events of tha day which regarder as newsworth or important.

The purpose of the text is used to announce to the listener about an action or event that is important.

The structure of the text consist of three part:
1. Newsworthy even
recounts the events in summary form.
2. Background events
Elaborate what happene, to whom, and in what circum stances.
3. Source
Comments by participants in withness to and authorities epert on the event.

Language features:

1. Focus to some body, animal, or specific thing
2. Short information that is in core
3. Using action verb as an example: eat, I am, etc
4. Using saying verb as an example: say, tell, etc
5. Using adverb of time and adverb of place
6. Using adverb as an example: badly,etc
7. Report using past tense: was received, etc
8. Ordered as the event’s process.

Advertisement

Advertisement is information for persuading and motivating people so that will attract them to the service and the things that offered or informed.

Function of Advertisement :

1. Promotion.
2. Comunication.
3. Information.

Language of Advertisement keep the following points :

· Using the correct or suitable words.

· Using the interesting and suggestive expression.

· Using positive expression.

· Text of advertisement should be directed to the goals.

Content of Advertisement :

v Objective and honest.

v Brief and clear.

v Not allude group or other producer.

v Attract attention.

Media of Advertisement :

* By television.

* By radio.

*Bilboard.

* Leaflet.


* Famflet.

*Newspaper.

* Magazine.

Kinds of Advertisement :

Ø Family advertisement.

Ø Invitation advertisement.

Ø Announcement advertisement.

Ø Article advertisement.

Ø Requested advertisement.

Ø Sponsored advertisement.

Ø Offer advertisement.